Blank immigration notes

Industrial Revolution Effect replace cheaply unhygienic living conditions, â€Å"Their standard way of life was one of slow starvation. † Population increased; on the rise. More people competed for fewer resources, land. Food, Jobs Political & Religious Persecution Eastern Europe Jews could not move beyond the Pale† Stripped of their legal rights, (1/3 of Europe. Pop) The Lure of Life in America Newspaper articles & letters painted USA as a â€Å"Lollipops on every corner† American businesses 1 OFF â€Å"Gold on the sidewalk†, and †¦ Why? Hardships – Used all of their savings (Getting from interior lands to coastal port cities was The Journey Across the Atlantic Steamship Accommodations ; 8-14 days; steel hull ships First & second class was unaffordable for MOST immigrants – no windows, no ventilation, cramped On Average: Living Conditions in Steerage Uncomfortable at best, inhumane at worst No sunlight, no fresh air, smell unbearable Con tagious diseases ( Cabin Class Replaced steerage after it was removed This is where 1st and 2nd class were accommodated We Have Arrived! Arriving in America 75% of all immigrants Passengers crowded the decks to see their new homeSkyscrapers to the northeast, to the west. Most memorable moment, immigrants seeing Lady Liberty â€Å"l Looked with wonder on this miraculous land of our dreams. † Who can quote the plaque at the base of the Statue of Liberty? â€Å"Give your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door. † After Just passing the Statue of Liberty, lay the , legal and medical inspections 1st & 2nd Class Inspections 1st & 2nd Class passengers simply prepared forArriving at Ellis Island and entered the USA Steerage passengers Most passengers boarded crowded barges ; Separated into Hope, fear, excitement, uncertainty O n the whole, it was an † † policy Weed out weak and mentally defective exam and then a more thorough exam Escorted to holding rooms for additional examinations shoulder with chalk † for heart problems † for hernia † for lameness † for mental difficult , looking for and Mark your right Upon completion of medical inspections, the Legal Inspections: The Registry Hall After medical inspection, immigrants faced a iron railings was next in tight lines shaped by Match answers from ship manifest with face-to-face answers Name Change? Schoolbooks = Smith The Final inspection Lasted only Asked to confirm answers from manifest If immigrants passed all the inspections†¦ They were free to go – Ethnic Enclaves Leaving Ellis Island After approval, immigrants sought the next step of their Journey. After arriving in US, New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia By 1920, 75% of foreign-born residents lived in cities Settled in † † or ethn ic neighborhoods Living Conditions City Tenement Buildings Cities ill-equipped to handle massiveStreets filled with waste due to inadequate sewage systems , run-down, low-rent apartments clustered together in poorest areas of cities Some examples from a city worker in New York City Building with People 3 room apartment people Perils of Tenement Living Toilets in yards; coal stove for heat One social worker could not locate a single bathtub in more than three city blocks in tenement housing 40% of immigrants developed Rural Living Conditions 60% of immigrant (HIGH MIR) Some settled in California, Midwest, Florida Relatively Midwest Blizzards, , dust storms Working Conditions The Immigrant Workforce Mostly American industries were growing rapidly Desperate, wanting leave agricultural Jobs in Europe Worker exploitation, intolerable working conditions work hours per week Dangerous, unsanitary, uncomfortable Improved Standard of Living? Despite horrible conditions, most were better off t han they were in Europe $ per year in Europe, in US for farm laborers.America's Treatment of Immigrants American Natives Native-born Americans viewed new immigrants with fear, hostility, suspicion belief was based on new immigrants posing a threat Deep-seated Americans of northern/western Europe looked down on southern/eastern Europeans British, German, Scandinavian people were considered â€Å"free, energetic, progressive† Slavic, Mediterranean, Jews were viewed as â€Å"historically down-trodden, atavistic [inbred], and stagnant Natives worked to restrict the number of immigrants Literacy tests, preventing † Asked for laws restricting number of immigrants allowed to enter 1921, Established for the number of immigrants the US would accept from each country Dialing Bill marked the end of the immigration † in US history. Greatest † policy, ending the

Essay on Global Companies Essay

International companies are characterized by many factors among them geographical dispersion, demand for rationalization and differentiation and cultural diversity. These factors pose numerous challenges to international HR managers on how to ensure successful performance of their functions. The paper highlights various challenges the mentioned factors presents to IHRM in their work. It assembles evidence and previous research findings done by other writers. The paper also demonstrates why managing international HR is more difficult than managing HR in a large domestic firm. Challenges presented by geographical dispersion to international HR directors As employees in an international company come from different backgrounds and possess diverse experience, it’s hard to standardize pay and conditions of work (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). Doing so is likely to bring conflicts among staff doing similar jobs in different locations. Standardizing working conditions is also tricky because of diverse cultures, rules and laws of different nations. Home working conditions and policies cannot be transferred to another country due to existence of different legislations in host country. In such a case each host country could have a slightly different working condition (Paik and Vance, 2006). Due also to natural differences in each country, it is hard to standardize business processes and pay in a multinational company. One of challenges faced by international HR managers is dealing with multiple time zones. This time differences bring about difficulties for managers to consult with key decision makers (Herod and Yearn, 2002). These difficulties may result into ramifications on productivity. Closely associated with this problem is the continued heavy reliance on face to face communications since improvement in technologies has not completely bridged this gap (Punnett, 1989). Rolling out a non conflicting international compensation system is a challenge to international HRM. This is due to the fact that conditions of employment differ among various categories of employees (Mendenhall et al, 1987). In addition, there exist variations among countries on ways of compensating workers. Salary levels for the same job also differ amongst countries. As a matter of fact compensation packages can be a source of conflict . This is mostly occurs when local employees start comparing their salary to those of expatriates and may conclude that there is no fairness. Expatriates in most of cases have better compensation packages than local employees doing the same job. As a result local employees may feel unappreciated and treated unfairly. Consequently, it may result to resentment and eventually lower employees’ morale and productivity (Roberts et al, 1998). The process of hiring and placement of different national categories of workers is very complex in global context. International HRM involves movement of people across international boundaries (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). In such a case staffing becomes very hard as managers face hard choices to make from three pools of employees categories: employees from host country where the company operates (HCN), nationals from home country where the firm has headquarter (PNC) and citizens of other countries that may be sources of labor (TNC). The three types of employee groups have different backgrounds. This therefore requires the managers to have international mindset and adopt policies that facilitate establishment of internationally oriented staff (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). Distinct countries have different government policies and ethical requirements which can pose problems to international HR managers. For instance an international company situated in South Africa would have expatriates willing to work there required to undergo a compulsory HIV/AIDS test. This could result to loss of talented employees who may not be willing to comply with the requirement. It would be therefore a challenge to managers to convince such expatriates to accept the requirement (Roberts et al, 1998). International HR managers also face difficulties determining compensation package among various categories of workers. This is so because of varied nationalities of workers and different levels of economic development in home countries. It therefore becomes hard to determine some form of compensation for instance hardship allowance (Hofstede, 1992). International scene is also more complex due to language differences. This becomes a challenge in ease of accessing company’s documents such as vision and mission statements, company’s records and procedure manuals. Language barriers could also impede communication and sharing of information among the workers. This can only be solved by language standardization (Laurent, 1986). The nature of employee involvement also varies depending on country and institutional factors. Employee involvement is crucial in any organization and results into enhanced communication, coordination of tasks, enhanced information sharing and reduced turnover. Employee involvement is however is influenced by organization and national factors such as industrial relations, financial system, social forces and market forces (Petti and Fadel, 1997). Consequently in a global context, the nature of employment will vary due to diverse national forces. Challenges occasioned by need for rationalization and differentiation to international HR directors. Process of rationalization normally involves lowering of organizations operational costs and more improved control (Punnett, 1989). This requires timely provision of information. On a global context, it is a challenge to HR managers to obtain information quickly and to become proactive in achieving business objectives. Due to the complex nature of international organization, it becomes challenging to ensure faster access to high quality information at a significantly business processing cost . However due to rationalization demands in order for the company to remain competitive, managers have to carry out proper compensation, recruitment and placement (Punnett, 1989). Differentiation is the process of distinguishing firms’ products or services from those offered by competitors (Petti and Fadel, 1997). This is done by making them unique and more attractive to a particular target market. Differentiation is normally implemented by ensuring differences in functional features, quality, availability and reputation. Formulation of differentiation strategy is vital for making firms’ products more competitive in a competitive market. In global context it poses challenges for managers to adopt proper strategies in recruitment and selection to ensure the products remain unique and reputable (Petti and Fadel, 1997). Challenges presented by cultural diversity to international HR directors International companies operate in different countries with diverse regulations, standard of living and labor unions (Hofstede, 1992). In some countries, labor unions determine wage policies. In Australia for instance unions negotiate rates of payment on behalf of workers. In other countries like Hong Kong unions have little influence and pay rates are determined by free market. This makes the process of determining pay package very hard to HR managers in global scene (Hofstede, 1992). International HRM must be aware of cultural differences and develop culturally sensitive attitudes for business to thrive (Laurent, 1986). Majority of HRM functions such as compensation; training, recruitment and selection are done according to cultural practices of host nation. Sometimes adapting to local expectation and customs brings more problems. In Indonesia for instance local employees are obliged to employ members of their family. However, acting in such nepotism way may be detrimental to the company since the best fitted persons will not be hired (Punnett, 1989). Diverse norms on methods of motivating employees amongst countries are a key challenge. The use of incentives and gifts for instance may have varied results. In cultures such as America money may be a good motivator. In other cultures such as Japan, non financial incentives for instance job security, social acceptance and promotions may motivate employees better (Mendenhall et al, 1987). The international HR managers are hence challenged to match the motivators with cultural values. International businesses also operate in countries with different cultural differences amongst groups of people in the same country. This ultimately translates into different HRM policies procedures and system. The work of IHRM is therefore determined by cultural aspects of the host country (Petti and Fadel, 1997). This places a challenge to IHRM managers to reconsider each strategy in terms of the country’s cultural condition. Some strategies may work in some country but fail in others. A Hong Kong company dealing with dental services for instance decided to offer a ‘use it or lose it’ policy worth $1000 a year. Initially the company had a high staff turnover of 24%. After a short time, the company’s turnover dropped significantly to 4%. The strategy could not just work in that context (Petti and Fadel, 1997). As the case illustrates, research is required to be conducted amongst employees to establish the kind of strategies which are workable. People also have varied takes and attitudes with regard to contracts. People from western countries think of it just like a contract and will follow it after it’s signed. The Chinese however take it different and prefer continued relationship with their manager. So they will sign it, have a handshake and get to know their manager (Laurent, 1986). Therefore the IHRM has to consider acceptability and adaptability. Diversity management is also a challenge especially managing varying expectations in workplace. Some countries emphasize on gender equity and affirmative action while others do no (Hofstede, 1992)t. In such a case organizations with such policies face difficulties implementing them in some countries. In some parts of the world woman expatriates may experience difficulties in gaining acceptance (Hofstede, 1992). Culture is also a significant constraint in employee performance appraisals and feedback process. Western counties have been found to have different styles of performance appraisals which are difficult to transfer to non western countries (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). The purpose of appraisal, acceptance of its result and the mode of conduct of the feedback process are also different amongst countries. In some cultures for instance Japan performance appraisal are not acceptable and are normally interpreted as sign of distrust. In other cultures such as Chinese performance appraisals are used to determine pay (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). Why managing International HR is inherently more difficult than managing HR in a large domestic firm. Unlike domestic firm, international HR involves moving staff across many countries with diverse cultural and economic aspects. As such international HRM is more complex as it deals with different categories of workers from different countries. There are also many aspects and a broad range of issues o take into consideration (Paik and Vance, 2006). To begin with, there are more HR activities to deal with in an international environment. Foreign employees are normally subjected to both domestic and international tax liabilities. This necessitates need to design tax equalization policies to bridge this gap. There are also a lot of international relocation and orientation activities. This may take the shape of arranging pre departure training and providing information such travel details, shopping and schooling. Foreign employees must also be provided with housing, medical care and recreation services. The expatriates also require to be provided by administrative services within which the host country operates. In addition the international HR must provide language translation services (Mendenhall et al, 1987). The international HR manager is also required to take a broad view of issues. This is particularly due to the fact that the managers deal with more than one national group of employees all working together. One such broader perspective would be to ensure that employees working in foreign locations receive foreign premium regardless of their nationality. Such a policy should be implemented without showing preferential treatment to only employees working on overseas assignment but even to foreigners assigned to firm’s home country (Chan, 1994). The IHRM thus has to deal with equity issues with regard to compensation. International HR managers are also required to get more involved in employees personal lives (Herod and Yearn, 2002). The HRM needs to ensure that expatriate employees comprehends compensation package such as cost of living allowances, premium taxes among others. He also needs to ensure they understand housing arrangements and health care. This creates need for establishment of a section that provides services such as handling of employees’ investments, banking and coordinating home visits. If for instance there is to be a relocation or transfer, the HR department will need to know the employees personal life in order to provide the level of support required. This is particularly due to some governments requirements like marriage certificate in order to stay in some locations. In addition the HR managers may want to assist the family left behind at home country (Herod and Yearn, 2002). In the international context, there is always need to change emphasis in HR operations as workforce varies. This mostly occurs when more trained locals become available and hence the need of foreign employees decline. Resources which had previously allocated to allocated to expatriate issues have thus to be transferred to local stuff training and development. This broadens HR activities such as training, planning and compensation (Chan, 1994). International assignments increase exposure to risks that HRM has to deal with. There are more severe consequences resulting from expatriate failure and underperformance. Such a failure may be too costly to the company in terms of salary, relocation expenses and travel costs. There could also be loss of foreign share, market share and breakdown of foreign relations. The HR department must also consider possible acts of terrorism. On top of that the HR must put in place emergency evacuation procedures for assignments in locations susceptible to epidemic crises (Roberts et al, 1998). International HRM also has to deal with more and complex external factors. The company must comply with government’s requirements about staffing in foreign locations. Moreover, local codes of conduct and religious groups’ regulations must be obeyed (Roberts et al, 1998). Conclusion The research and evidence presented in the paper demonstrates that managing HR in global context is more challenging and complex than in domestic scene. There are many issues which constrain international HR managers and which are unique to each country. The managers are therefore required to be flexible and adopt a local responsive strategy in order to have successful and sustainable businesses.

Empowered by Manolos, Bound by Cosmos Femininity and Gender Roles in Darren Star’s Sex and the City

Entertainment has long been one of the most accessible forms of communication because it appeals to the sense of pleasure than any other avenue in the information process. Today, in most parts of the world, entertainment has conquered a host of media that may be appropriated by both producers and consumers, with each medium translating specifically to the audience it aims to reach. From print to broadcast, from film to the internet, mass communication has provided ways and means for audiences of any age to claim the kind of entertainment they prefer—thereby creating its niche in the prevailing popular culture in any country or community. Among the forms mentioned, the stellar history of film and the allure of convenient glamour and lifestyle associated with it have catapulted it to the top of the most influential of all media. Considering most people have access to cinema, it is correct to assume that this medium has had its share of voice in achieving social change, advocacy, politics, and empowerment. And, apart from being instrumental in relaying news and other traditional informative content, cinema and its success in entertainment has also become a veritable avenue to communicate these integral issues through visuals, acting, and choice of format. One of the most celebrated productions in recent time is the iconic Sex and the City film, released in 2008 and based on the cult television show of the same title. By showcasing the formerly undesirable concepts of singlehood among females over thirty, professional success, and the unabashed references to sexuality and independence, its creator Darren Starr had stumbled upon a void clearly anticipated by women in these situations—and launched a culture that debunked most traditionalist ideologies and heralded new mindsets of feminism and empowerment. II. Power and the Feminine Approach Feminist inquiry was established to â€Å"offer theories that center women’s experiences and to articulate the relations between the categories of gender and other social categories, including race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality† (Littlejohn 2008, p. 49), and this claim is evident in the purposive nature of SATC. Individually, the characters of Carrie, Samantha, Miranda, and Charlotte possess their unique strengths and focus: writer Carrie is the intellectual and introspective; Samantha’s focus is on her sexual nature; lawyer Miranda conveys independence; and Charlotte is depicted as the arguably traditional of the group yet is never relegated to being permanently at the mercy of her goal to find a husband. In other words, these women are all portrayed to be whole and complete on their own, and have already made their decisions on their particular brands of femininity. Once a woman has defined her sense of self, it is easy to understand how power can come logically. Most audiences of SATC find pleasure in the witty musings of Carrie, the stern yet human concerns of Miranda, the extent to which Charlotte would go to get married, and the sexual adventures of Samantha. In the film, though, each has had her own story finally played out, not necessarily in the ways they planned: Miranda is a mother, Samantha is in a committed relationship, and Charlotte is married and has adopted a child. Only Carrie appears to have taken the more expected route of continuing her relationship with Mr. Big, a man who had long been the cause of many of her mishaps. But while each of them has realized their traditional roles as females, their background activities still remain indicative of their career successes. Like in the TV show, the women of the SATC film still engage in their females-only conversations and gatherings, during which they discuss men, relationships, an d sexuality. According to Littlejohn (2008, p. 244), â€Å"women’s groups often are less interested outcomes and traditional group tasks—less interested in doing and more interested in being†, which then justifies the nature of their bond. Among friends, the four women can merely be and not be concerned with what should be; among their colleagues, they are more goal-driven and objective. The conversations the SATC females have within their group are, in reality, material that audiences can live by, and are almost always philosophical or pragmatic enough to communicate new thinking. When Miranda discovered that Steve had a sexual affair with another woman, she immediately reported the incident to her girlfriends—who, in turn, expressed approval at Miranda’s decision to leave Steve. When Carrie announced that she and Mr. Big were getting married, the group actually came up with two opinions—validation from Charlotte, and ambivalence from Samantha. These two examples at once present rational ways to address these common life circumstances, without resorting to the stereotypical reaction of women approving of marriage or staying in one despite significant problems. Apart from that, their nonchalant manner in discussing sexuality signals an unconventional pattern not often shown among women in films and other media, but occurs in women’s discussions in real life. The vulnerability exhibited by at least two of the four characters while engaging with men is more about being human than succumbing to societal pressure; it has more to do with their personalities than a non-negotiable objective to feel adequate with men in their lives. Again, this goes back to the development of each character in the film, being completely defined and expected for women their age. Of course, it would be harder to prove had they been in their twenties, still searching for themselves in New York, like Carrie’s assistant Louise. Modern femininity is definitely confirmed in the events, reactions, and portrayals of the SATC girls: strong and individual, yet completely aware of their identities and priorities. Compared to younger women, the four characters are each shown carrying the same sense of self one her own, or with her friends. Therefore, the issue of power in the film is attached to the evolved characters of Carrie, Samantha, Miranda, and Charlotte—they know who they are, including their strengths and weaknesses, and are capable of appropriating such when it comes to men, or any other concern. III. Representing the Thirty-Something Female With the exception of Samantha, who celebrated her fiftieth birthday in the SATC film, the main characters are in their late thirties. In fact, Carrie had probably just turned forty as this was one of the highlights in the film—the suitability of a 40-year-old woman to be photographed in a wedding dress. However, this may be less of an issue compared to the question of the accurate representation of women in this age range. Israel (2002) stated the still-existing stereotype of single women, that they are â€Å"social outcasts†¦ odd women who require constant translation† (p. 46). If this is the present concept of the public regarding single women, then the issue is not in the misrepresentation but in society’s unchanged opinion of female expectations. While the show’s creator had indeed chosen to center on the lives of New York women, possibly to highlight the urban culture and wealth of material related to the area, the demographic shown is not far from the truth. It may not be correct to assume that all thirty-something females live the kind of lives seen in SATC, but he combined factors of location, career opportunities, and culture all figure in the equation. Much of the TV show and the movie itself is focused on the New York life—fashion, music, night life—and the defining characteristics of the location that has made it legendary. Opportunities for career and wealth are often associated with gumption and chutzpah, which are part of the psyche of a typical New Yorker. This is most evident in Miranda’s and Samantha’s stories, whose careers as a lawyer and a public relations expert, respectively, are born out of their being in New York. Even Carrie and her sex column’s credibility have more to do with being in New York, the bastion of all things forward and modern, than by merely being a smart single woman with enough authority about sex. The aberration, more than being the appropriate representation of single women, is Charlotte; her perceived values and preference for tradition appear to be more suited to a less worldly area than Manhattan. Like in the TV series, consumerism and brands form a significant function in the film; Carrie’s display of wedding dresses identified by designer shows the amount of importance given to labels. But the New York premise once again provides the perfect excuse, being the center of fashion and home to most luxury brands. Had Carrie been in a small and not-so-cosmopolitan area would have made this appear pretentious and unreal, but the established facts of New York, her career as a magazine columnist, and her affinity for fashion make the association with designer labels quite expected and normal. Without the penchant for brands and the access afforded by being in New York, the SATC women’s representations of the thirty-something female are not far from accurate. At this age, most women have, or are in the process of establishing their careers, or are obsessing over finding a husband and starting a family—as seen, respectively, in Miranda and Charlotte. Yet they had not neglected the other aspects of themselves that would make them achieve their life goals, such as motherhood, responsibility, and friendship; these are clearly established in the film, but due to the necessity to adhere to a cohesive storyline, these have been placed conveniently as background material. Still, some traditionalists may dismiss the film as a celebration of consumerism, anti-feminism, and overt sexuality—concepts that contradict each other when taken as a whole—but it is only because SATC managed to introduce a new breed of independent females who recognize both their strengths and limitations. The characters are complete and wholly developed, creating personalities so real and defined that the more conservative viewer may find them at once curious and controversial. The female audience comprising the age range portrayed by the SATC women will always find the film liberating, for two possible reasons: because they can identify with the trials and tribulations of the four characters; or because they can only hope to reach the level of individuality and liberation available to these New York women. Of course, the common pleasure derived by women in either situation may be found within the more superficial elements of meeting men per se and fashion—it is still entertainment, after all. But the deeper issues of love, relationship, marriage, friendship, career, life, loss, sadness, joy, and other concepts present in the film are universal constructs that affect women, and men as well. However, if one were to stop at the shallow enjoyment of the aesthetic elements provided by the film—such as designer fashions, swanky homes, and gorgeous men—then the experience would not be maximized, and would most likely box in the film in the category of triviality and shallowness. Also, manipulation would only be the case if the film depicts a world far from real, with unbelievable characters, and an obvious objective to sell its audience to a life impossible to reach. Carrie and her friends represent every single woman, perhaps not in all aspects, but in the mindset and priorities; the issue of singleness at thirty being the key qualifier in the equation. Naturally, their concerns would not be identical to those of a younger or married woman, who would have different realities altogether. An example would be the wildly popular TV show Gossip Girl (2007), which is undoubtedly limited to the lives of the affluent youth and uses a questionable method of communicating reality through visual pleasure and aspiration. IV. The Politics of Gender Roles in SATC The topics chosen for discussion in the regular lunch, coffee, and shopping dates of the four characters vary at all times, with gender-related issues taking a significant portion. The nature of entertainment provides an effective avenue for these concerns, specially with a smartly-written script and a sense of responsibility to communicate the issues properly. In the movie, the women discuss sex in the presence of Charlotte’s daughter Lily, and they use the word â€Å"color† to substitute for â€Å"sex†Ã¢â‚¬â€producing a witty exchange that came off as both enjoyable and informative yet socially acceptable. Marriage, in Carrie’s case, was construed on the outset as a matter of convenience, in order to share an apartment with Mr. Big, but was really a serious issue that had her debating on her reasons for getting married—whether it was out of love or mere practicality. But despite all the carefully-crafted dialogue, the scenes referring to life-changing issues such as Miranda’s separation from Steve and Charlotte’s discovering she is pregnant were treated with utmost subtlety and thought, and would not be out of place in any other traditional text discussing the very same points. What may be left out to some extent is the politics among the characters themselves; since female competition is a powerful theme in most women’s lives (Barash 2006), it is questionable how the four women have almost no semblance of rivalry or contest, at least in the film. This phenomenon is largely common among groups of women, in particular, and SATC had shown almost nothing about competition even if it could have been appropriated in several points in the story. The only allusion to it would be Miranda’s declaration that marriage is not the right choice to make, yet without any reference to her envy of Carrie and Mr. Big. V. Conclusion The entertainment culture introduced by the pioneering SATC text redefined the landscape of feminism, empowerment, and the resulting popular culture that has been embraced by audiences the world over. Through the use of female characters who were instruments to convey individuality and power, the celebration of women as symbols of strength is done with much success. The fact that they discuss issues once considered taboo for media portrayal is already a feat in the world of feminism and empowerment, albeit relatively against the norms of tradition or the approved style of standard feminists. But the goal of entertainment in SATC does not stop with entertainment itself—the reality of the thirty-something single woman is enough reason to make it a pronounced voice in educating society about the capabilities of females beyond the label of marital status.

Marketing Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Marketing Research - Essay Example Although considered as non basic consumption commodities, biscuits and cakes have a huge popularity in the United Kingdom as well as in other parts of the world. There are occasions that the two cannot miss in the menu and therefore they will continue to have a large market. On the other hand, the brand names for these products have also been growing with even more international players joining the fray. As a result, retail chains have to understand the dynamics of the two products to be able to take advantage of their fast moving nature. With competition in the supermarket chains, it is important that our organization specifically understand and implement the best approaches on the sales of the stated products. This report is therefore intended to assist management to make decisions concerning minor adjustments (tactical, short-term) and major changes (strategic, longer-term) to the current product mix. It will analyze the various issues that have majorly stood out on the popular br ands of cakes and biscuits in the United Kingdom. The consumers of the available products are also important for this analysis and therefore it is important that the report evaluate the various aspects of consumer market according to the valuable information in the sector. The time frame for this analysis shall be within the last five years. However, before the actual analysis of product mix, it is important to have a brief overview of the sector within the set time frame as discussed in the following section. Market Overview To begin, the biscuit segment in the country has witnessed a gradual growth in the recent years with a growth of 6% according to the year 2012 estimates (Companies and Markets 2013). One driver of consumption in this sector has been the use of biscuits as an accompaniment of hot drinks. On the other hand, biscuits have always benefited from the drop in the cake sector. This situation can be attributed to the costs and health factors that have dominated the conc erns of consumers in the contemporary society. Among the major brands in the United Kingdom market is marketed under United Biscuits (UK) ltd, which is a leader in the country for production of popular biscuits. Some of the brands include McVite’s digestive, Mini Cheddars, Jacobs and Hob nobs (Companies and Markets, 2013). As mentioned earlier, health issues and sustainability of the environment has been a great factor in the determination of the brand and product of choice by customers. In addition, the biscuits segment is categorized into seasonal, special treat and children biscuits. With children being some of the major market segments for biscuits, it is evident that the children biscuits has experienced and maintained a rapid growth. To the cake sector, the major categories are the individual and large cakes which may be in the form of pies and tarts. The individual cake category has been fast growing due to the cost issues and convenience factors associated with packag ing and brand image. With the economic turbulence of the recent years, consumers have remained conscious of the prices so that they are able to reduce their expenditure on products associated with junkies or referred to as snacks. However, cakes have been traditionally known for occasions like weddings and birthdays. As a result, customized cakes still afford to fetch a lot of money in the sector. In addition, due to health concerns, many producers are constantly changing their product composition for more healthy final products. Product Mix Analysis The product mix

Module 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 3 - Essay Example The story is about the son of a man who is a potential arsonist: setting barns on fire. This story is built of a number of characters including Abner the father, Sarty the son and the rest of the family: wife and daughters along with the people this family come in contact with. However, Faulkner uses Barn Burning to be a story that concentrates on the opinion of Sarty Snopes. Though this article is not written from the viewpoint of the character himself, there are certain moments throughout the story that divulge the reader with his emotions. With such a multitude of characters it is impossible for the reader to be unable to gain a true gist of what the story portrays. The concentration on Abner’s character allows a deep understanding of humanity and the instinct which compels each individual to develop an attachment to family. In Barn Burning, Abner is a dark influence on his young son. The protagonist forces his child to delve in a loyalty so deep, that injustice and sin are ignored in the process of protecting one’s own family. The story develops as Sarty begins to see the evil obstacle created by his father in his own growth. His constant belief that the father will change â€Å"Maybe he has done satisfied now, now that he has† However, in the end, the child is forced to give up his loyalty as a sense of righteousness sinks in. Though this confession leads to disastrous consequences, following the death of the very man Sarty has been ardently protecting, the judgment seems to shatter the young man who â€Å"He got up†¦.He did not look back.† Thus, Barn Burning is an evident portrayal of family and the human mind that delves to protect the sacred bond. It also shows the dire consequence that follows when this bond is broken. The Chrysanthemums is another story which concentrates on the importance of character to a story. In this story, the main subject of

Politics vs. Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Politics vs. Religion - Essay Example It is based on reason and practicability and seeks to improve the way and quality of life of the people. Politics is basically focused on the life here on earth on how to better it. Religion on the other hand is concerned on the life after our earthly existence. It seeks for the greater glory of God of whatever name it may call. It seeks to implement policy of what it believes to be consistent with divine mandate which could be impractical and counter-progressive. The classic example is the current debate in the Philippines where the Catholic Church is blocking the Reproductive Health Law because it believed it run counter to the Catholic teaching which is to go forth and multiply. This theological policy is impractical from a public policy point of view because higher population means more people to feed, shelter, educate not to mention that the resources needed to support overpopulation can take its toll to our already degraded environment. Such, the secular state is conceived to avoid this problem. According to Laborde, â€Å"the secular state is not a state committed to substantive atheism or to the marginalisation of religion from public and social life. It is, rather, a state in which citizens share a language – a secular language – for discussing political matters. So, religious believers can be secularists and secularists can also be religious believers†.   Baggini mentioned that secular state is â€Å"neutral with regards comprehensive world-views at its core, but relaxed about the expression of such views in the public square†. It meant that citizens can freely elect their mode of worship but cannot impose its theological belief on policies which concerns public life and government. Secular state can also prevent branding of certain religions. If there is a sectarian state which could be Catholics or

Knowledge management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Knowledge management - Essay Example Knowledge management theorists categorize tacit and explicit knowledge. Using simulation, graphs, games and other materials will be part of explicit knowledge, which relates to the use of knowledge or information stored in a data base, games etc. As Wiig (2004, p. 98) noted, making use of stories, simulation and games for knowledge management essentially requires that the recipients must have sufficient background and prior knowledge. Games, simulation, calculation, recreation, graphical representation are some of the techniques and strategies that can be used for creating knowledge, sharing it between people, transferring it from one group to the other and making use of it for the overall benefits of organization. In using or depending on gaming, simulation and other tools for knowledge management, computer or any other electronic media can be used for storing information in useable data base, converting them to more convenient forms and getting them highly useful for the organizati onal requirements. The main techniques to be used for this purpose include maintaining accuracy, reliability, dependability and flexibility etc.

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Critical thinking - Essay Example Another definition of critical thinking is that given by Michael Scriven and Richard Paul, in a presentation at the 8th Annual International Conference on Critical Thinking and Education Reform, Summer of 1987.They defined critical thinking as the intellectually disciplined way of active and skillful conceptualization, application, analysis and evaluation of data collected by observing, experiencing, reflecting, reasoning, and communicating, as a guidance to believing and acting. Paul and Elder (2008), defines the term as Critical thinking as the way of thinking - about something, where the person who is thinking develops the quality of his or her thinking by being skillful when taking care of the structures involved in thinking and forcing intellectual standards on them. In my understanding, for this reason, critical thinking means, thinking outside the box, having creative thoughts, and internalizing the thoughts. Critical thinking involves general intellectual values. Critical thinking includes several skills. These skills include rationality, self-awareness, honesty, open-mindedness, discipline, and judgment. Rationality is based on the fact one is thinking critically when he or she relies on reason and not emotions; when one requires prove, not ignoring evidence, and follow where the evidence leads. Also being rational in critical thinking is concerned more with coming up with the rightful way of explaining other than being right through analysis of apparent confusion and asking questions. Self-awareness in critical thinking involves comparing the effects of motives and bias, recognition of one’s assumptions, biases and point of view. Being honest in thinking critically, is evident when one recognizes emotional impulses, selfish motives, nefarious purposes, or other ways of deceiving ones-self. One is thinking critically, with an open mind when all reasonable inferences are evaluated, considerations of various viewpoints or

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Marketing - Essay Example In the cut throat business of electronic goods, Sonic mission would be to capture the market segment that caters to the upcoming young executives who are looking for gizmos which are small enough to hold in their pockets but powerful enough to be used as computer, or phone or even as an entertainment device, as and when the need arises. Globalization has changed the dynamic of the business and today the professionals need to have all the information at their tip while following a hectic schedule. So the smaller the device which can pack such features, better are its chances of capturing this target group. PDAs from big companies like Hewlett Packard, Sony etc. have been in the market for the few years. Palm One, Blackberry etc. are PDAs that are well known. Over the years, these PDAs have evolved and new features have been incorporated. So Sonic 1000, would be competing with the companies whose PDAs, already have a market. Since the growing world economy has opened opportunities where new technology would be playing a very important role. Sonic, needs to come out with something which would be unique while having all the features of the currently popular PDAs, at no extra cost. After thorough analysis of the present market, the company proposes to give several value added services to its customers. The new Sonic 1000 would be a small hand held compact computer serving as a 3G camera phone with wi-fi features like Bluetooth, infra red technology thus facilitating easy internet connection. Sonic 1000 PDA would be equipped with a micro mini hard drive of 40 GB and USB connection that would make data handling easy, fast and efficient. 3G facility would enable video conferencing and the executives would be able to interact with their office and clients, while on the move. Looking at the vast potential for this type of gizmos, in the first year, the company proposes to sell 240,000

Environmental Projects NYC Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Projects NYC - Term Paper Example The three sub basins identified cuts across in excess of 35countries. The environmental context of this basin is of great concern since its water quality has been comprised from time to time. Numerous geological surveys have been conducted all over New York to address environmental issues, and the water quality of this basin is one of the identified environmental issues in New York. This paper is meant to assess the problem of water quality in the basin basing its argument on the applicability of geosciences in understanding and addressing the problem. This problem is brought about by the environmental setting of the basin. The basin occurs in an environment setting that allows massive land use in all the areas that the basin lies on. Application of Geosciences in Understanding and Addressing the Water Quality Issue in the Hudson River Basin Sediments in the stream bottom Geological studies have been conducted in the basin for quite some time now. It has been established that the urb an streams of the basin as well as on other rivers of the basin have considerable levels of stream sediments. These sediments are mostly found on the bottom of the stream. The presence of these sediments has comprised the water quality in the basin due to the fact they raise metal concentration in the water. The metals have also led to the concentration of chemicals resulting from water-metal reactions, for example the polychlorinated biphenyls (Levinton & Waldman 39). The water quality in the basin has as a result deteriorated, evidenced by the fact that the above mentioned concentrations have exceeded the predetermined and set standards of water quality. In addressing this problem, the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) has put measures in place that are aimed at reducing concentration levels in the basin. Part of the basin that lies within urban areas is said to carry large amounts of zinc, lead and mercury. In fact, these levels of concentration exceed those set by the Ne w York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). In this regard, the two agencies have initiated programs that are designed to sensitize the locals about the need to reduce metal concentrations in the water. Although the drinking water quality is still observed, there are concerns that the basin could turn unsafe for human consumption if stern measures are not taken. On this note, de-concentration actions by environmental agencies have been established to deal with this issue. Geosciences experts and professionals have been engaged in the process in order to fully observe such progresses and correct mishaps that may be realized in the course. Stream ecology The Hudson River Basin is characterized by many social and economic activities. Some parts of the basin remains undisturbed but where encroachment has occurred, many activities are conducted. This due tot the fact that the basic’s hydrological potential; exceeds that many other basins in New York. On the sam e note, the basin is characteristic of numerous rivers and tributaries that make up its interconnectedness. This special feature of the basin has attracted many local into farming activities, alongside harboring many animal species like fish and invertebrates. Intolerant animal species have so far been absent in the river, denoting aspects of unfavorable environment. Human encroachment along the basin can be cited as a reason for this. Studies done on the water quality

Contemporary Marketing Issues and Strategic Marketing Essay

Contemporary Marketing Issues and Strategic Marketing - Essay Example (Tapscott; Ticoll, 2003) However while commendable and also desirable, the quest for transparency has its pitfalls also. Within a competitive framework where asymmetry in information comes as an advantage, opening up everything can bring at par the corporate battlefield. Although transparency in financial revelation is not only wanted, it is compulsory, but transparency in marketing strategy can be devastating. Besides, in the ultimate analysis, although a company might bring about transparency, success cannot always be assured. There are chances that plans laid up in the best possible manner can still go haywire. (Tapscott; Ticoll, 2003) In the 21st century we are witnessing the development of strategic alliances and networks in which businesses work in unison towards shared goals and maintain partnership in their operations. Managing of such relationships in the most efficient manner is nearly the solution to success or failure. The preceding is at the core of marketing strategy that has to include the following factors (i) the opening and shutting of strategic windows (ii) the effect of market propellers. (iii) The type of competition within the market place. (iv) The stage of the market or the industry life cycle. (v) The assets and the abilities which the company possesses or is able to readily obtain. Understanding of the all these five factors is vital if efficient long-term marketing strategies are to be advanced that will result in a company establishing a strategic competitive advantage in industries or in product markets. (Proctor, 2000) The current era of informational transparency calls for building marketing strategies through customer relationships and integrating communications across multiple channels. This is driven by the fact that marketing is witnessing a rapid shift of power towards consumer and the management of communication processes was being raised to strategic levels to facilitate in building customer relations and drive business results. Marketers are trying to cope with increasingly tough competition while the cost of acquisition of new customers is rising. Privacy concerns and regulatory acts like 'Do Not Call' legislation gave higher focus on setting up true relationships instead of blindly luring customers with uncertain mass-communication strategies. (Developing Effective Multi-Channel Marketing Strategies) Channel proliferation spawned by new media like websites and e-mail also added channels through which new methods of marketing are surfacing that seek to more efficiently use customer data to filter across target lists, build personalization rules and build marketing campaigns across and within the complete spectrum of media channels available. Therefore the two main constituents of efficient multi-channel marketing are building pertinent offers through personalization and coordinating and management of multiple marketing channels. (Developing Effective Multi-Channel Marketing Strategies) In order to build a consistent and effective multi-channel marketing and Customer Relationship Management -- CRM strategy, the answer lies in integrated solutions. It is through integration that companies are able to restructure CRM and marketing, keeping up a consistent message, leading to more efficient campaigns and increased Return on

Entrepreneurship Essay Example for Free

Entrepreneurship Essay 1. Is it ever too late for an entrepreneur to launch a new business venture? I am sure that it is never too late for an entrepreneur to start a new business venture if he/she is ready to spare nothing for making the enterprise effective and shoulder all the responsibilities. There is a great amount of famous successful businessmen over 50-55, who continue opening more and more companies and expanding their business. Besides, I think that if a person feels ready to open a new venture, it is not necessary to go for something huge. One can open a small company or go in for home business. Such decisions about launching a new business enterprise depend exceptionally on personal qualities, talents and abilities of an entrepreneur. I believe that older businessmen have greater experience and knowledge, as well as more connections and opportunities in business world, than many young entrepreneurs. Therefore, I do not think that age can be a serious obstacle for opening a new business. 2. Given the sluggish economy and the highly competitive casino industry, should Wynn establish a new venture in a saturated market? Why? Why not? I suppose that it is quite risky to launch a new venture in terms of sluggish economy in a saturated market, especially in casino industry. Casino business is rather specific and has a specific demand, that’s why it can be possible to advance in such environment only for those businessmen, who have already managed to earn a good name and reputation, as well as have a lot of business connections and potential customers. Otherwise it is really difficult to reach positive economic benefits in terms of saturated market. As we can learn from the case, it proved to be very hard to re-enter highly competitive market even for such a respectful and successful businessman as Steve Wynn. His rivals started seriously improving their facilities, changing their marketing strategies and attracting more and more clients. That is why Wynn had to give up some incomes, invest more money into his hotel and sell some of his property in order to upgrade his facilities. 3. Does it matter that Le Reve is located in a less than desirable area of Las Vegas? I do not think that it can be the most principal disadvantage for an ordinary hotel, because the customers usually take into consideration other important factors, including the price for hotel rooms and the quality of services. Nevertheless, it is known that the majority of the clients of Las Vegas luxury hotels are very wealthy Americans, who are ready to pay more money and stay in those hotels, which are located closer to the centers of gambling and entertainment. Therefore, in such situation hotel location really matters a lot. In addition, the main problem of not favorable location is that fact that it can not be changed easily and shortly. If it is possible to improve the quality of hotel services by hiring more qualified personnel or lower the prices to attract more customers, there’s hardly something that can be done about the place where the hotel is built. That is why such factor as location has to be undoubtedly considered by those who want to make their hotel business really successful. 4. Are there other reasons besides money for new business ventures? We all know that from economic point of view, the main goal of an enterprise or business company is making profits. But, certainly, there are many other reasons for launching a new business enterprise but just earning more and more money. For example, opening a new casino or any other gambling facility can be taken as socially important campaign, because it offers new prestigious workplaces to people, as well as brings a lot of income to national budgets due to high taxes, etc. Also, for many businessmen starting a new business or a new company is a great personal challenge. They can be looking for success and public recognition, trying to win a good reputation, or considering entrepreneurship to be a way to apply their talents and skills. Finally, when opening new business ventures, some businessmen are thinking about their future generations and making their life easier.

Pre-activity Health Screening Case Study

Pre-activity Health Screening Case Study When an inactive person decides to participate in physical activity for the first time, there is a risk of possible major coronary problems. Sharkey and Gaskill (2007) state that inactive people who decide to start an activity are five times more at risk during vigorous exercise. The risk of engaging in exercise varies by the type of exercise and intensity, which a person participates in. This would mean the individual with cardiovascular problems is more at risk of having coronary problems. Sharkey and Gaskill (2007). As suggested by NHS Choices (n.d.) the risk can be dramatically reduced when completing a pre-activity health screening. Pre-activity health screening is a tool used mostly by exercise professionals. It refers to the process of collecting information about an individuals medical history and health status Heaney and Goodey (2012, p.136). This normally involves completion of a physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q). In addition physiological measures would also be done like height, weight, body mass index (BMI) body-fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). These are necessary to identify any further potential risks factors a person has relating to coronary heart disease(CHD)Heaney and Goody (2012) The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) cited in Heaney and Goodey (2012, p.139) recommended that people are categorized into low, medium and high-risk factors. For example, primary risk factors are those at the highest risk, this includes hypertension, cigarette smoking and those with high-cholesterol levels. Secondary risk factors are those classified as medium risk. For example, diabetes type one and two obesity and physical inactivity. Furthermore, the non-modifiable risk factors are classified as low risk. This would include men over 45 and women over 55, in addition to gender and a family history of heart disease. Another important factor is customer care, Sinka, I. (2012) suggested that if a fitness company wants to offer their services to a customer, then the customer needs to believe the service is worth taken part in. Not only does a pre-activity health screening ensure that the correct exercise programmes are offered, but also helps to understand and meet the customer needs. Furthermore, It is necessary for health and safety reasons. Completion of a pre-activity health screening demonstrates that health, and safety is always being considered. Similarly, as suggested by Jason Wamala pre active health screening reduces the risk against potential legal liability to the organization and employees. The open University (2008) Do Daisys results from the health screening physiological measurements fall into healthy ranges. The results show a number of risk factors that are likely to lead to the development of cardiovascular disease. Daisy is 55 years-old sources from ACSM, 2006; Woolf-May, (2006) cited in Heaney and Goodey (2012, p.139) implies that Daisy is at risk to coronary heart disease genetic or lifestyle factors cause plaque to be build-up in your arteries as you age. By the time youre middle-aged or older, enough plaque has built up to cause signs or symptoms. National heart and lung Institute (n.d.) Blood pressure tends to rise with age this could indicate part of the reason why Daisy has a resting blood pressure of 160/100 millimeters of mercury (mmHg), this indicates that Daisy has high blood pressure referred to as stage two hypertension. The Open University (2008) suggested that high blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg can dramatically increase your risk of developing cardiovascular disease such as heart attack or stroke. Marie Toms suggested that it may be worth retesting Daisy more than once The Open University (2008). National heart and lung Institute (n.d.) suggested that blood pressure did not stay the same throughout the day. It is a lot lower while you sleep and rise when you wake up. Blood pressure tends to rise when youre excited, nervous or active. If your blood pressure is above average most of the time, youre at risk to CHD. Daisys resting heart rate is ninety six beats per minute (bpm), the average bpm should be between sixty to one hundred bpm, NHS, (n.d.). However, Daisy is within the guidelines yet still at risk. NHS (n.d.) states that the resting heart rate is the number of beats in one minute when the body are at a complete resting state so the more your heart beats the more strain you put on your heart. Looking at Daisys body mass index (bmi) which is 29.01, this indicates that Daisy has an increased health risk. Using the guidelines from Sharkey and Gaskill (2007, p.242.), indicates that Daisy has a desirable BMI of between nineteen to twenty five. Sharkey and Gaskill (2007) also suggested that having a higher than desired BMI puts Daisy more at risk of atherosclerotic heart disease and hypertension. Since Daisy is inactive, and the results from the BMI indicate she is overweight NHS, (n.d.) suggested that these are 2 factors that have an increase risk of hypertension waist to hip ratio of 0.9 would indicate that Daisy has she is above average 0.86(study guide) this would indicate Daisy is more at risk In particular, heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes develop when the inflammatory effects of that mass of fat hit your blood vessels Sharkey and Gaskill (2007) This would indicate why this individuals body fat percentage is so high, 25 for women is average so 33 percent is bad. The excess weight can put you at increased risk of heart disease, stroke and type two diabetes. To conclude Daisy needs to make some big life changes to avoid being at risk of CHD. For example, exercise regular to help her lose weight, lower her BMI and WHR. In addition to lowering her risk factors to CHD. Outline how physical activity could have a positive effect on Daisys health. Daisy is overweight and is bordering obesity with a BMI of 29.01, Sharkey and Gaskill (2007) suggested that obesity along with lack of activity has been suspected to have a link between coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension and type two diabetes. For example, an increase level of blood lipids (fat) in the body increases insulin resistance. This means that the insulin-resistant cells cant take in glucose. Glucose levels then rise, which results in the release of more insulin, this in turn increases blood pressure causing possible hypertension and type two diabetes. Sharkey and Gaskill (2007) For example, a study was published by Morris and raffle (1954) cited in Sharkey and Gaskill (2007, p.17.) Showing a link between inactivity and CAD, the bus drivers were tested along with the conductors. The conductors were more active then the bus drivers and were shown to have a 30 percent lower risk of CAD then the bus drivers. It is also suggested by NHS (n.d.) that inactivity increases the risk of hypertension by thirty-five percent. The result published by (Morris and raffle) would suggest that physical activity would benefit Daisy and lower her risk to hypertension and CAD. In addition, People with very high blood pressure are three times more likely to experience CAD and four times more likely to get congestive heart failure then others. Sharkey and Gaskill (2007). Research has shown that physical activity can reduce blood pressure, in middle-aged and older women and Any inactive person engaging in exercise has a 60 percent lower risk of heart attack. Sharkey and Gaskill (2007). It is suggested that regular physical activity help prevent CHD by increasing the efficiency of the cardiovascular system, and example would be increased blood volume and decreased blood pressure. Daisy also runs her own business, which suggested Daisy may be under stress. Sharkey and Gaskill (2007) suggested that stress is associated with heart disease and hypertension. To conclude daisy needs to include some regular moderate activity may minimize the effects of stress and more importantly reduce the risk from cardiovascular disease. What legislation governs health and safety in a sports and fitness facility, and how might these relate to this incident? (250 words/13 marks) Health and safety requirements are supported by tort law. This is a wide area of law covering areas such as negligence and occupiers liability. For example, Heaney and Goody (2012) negligence in tort law concerns situations where a person suffers injuries due to carelessness, forgetfulness or thoughtlessness due to the results of another person. This would mean that person has breached their legal duty to take care. It would make them liable to that person for negligence. An example would be Susan the 14-year-old daughter of Alistair, the father and daughter are fully aware of the health clubs policy relating to no under-16s, and every member has to complete a gym induction and health screening. The father owes a duty of care to his daughter, as he should be competent to understand the policies that the gym has in place. In addition, Goodey, J (2008) p152) suggested that an occupier may not be liable for injuries to a child if accompanied by someone competent enough to look after them. Furthermore, statute law refers to the act of law made by parliament, this includes the health and safety at work act 1974 (HASWA 1974). For example, HASWA 1974) cited in Heaney and Goody (2012) 153 an employer must undertake all necessary measures to ensure visitors to their premises are not exposed to risks of health and safety. There is the management of health and safety at work regulations 1999 (MHSWR 1999) MHSWR 1999) cited in Heaney and Goody (2012) state that management running a health and safety facility are required to conduct a risk assessment to ensure the welfare of employees and visitors. Consequently, the fact Susan was still able to access the gym after claiming to be using the pool only may indicate that the employer has not taken all the necessary measures that fall under (HASWA 1974) and (MHSWR 1999). Discuss whether or not Alistair and his 14-year-old daughter Susan would have a case for a claim for negligence against the facility. There are many factors to consider that explain why Susan may not have a claim for negligence against the facility. One consideration may be that it falls within the occupiers liability act 1984 cited in Goodey, J (2008 p.151) states that a person who controls the premises is responsible for allowing or preventing access to visitors. It can be argued that Susan gained access to an unauthorized part to the facility. Therefore, the duty of care expected of the facilities owner was not met. This would be due to insufficient security measures to prevent unauthorized access to non gym members and people under the age of sixteen. However, Alistair is Susans father so already has a duty of care toward his child. Alistair is already a member of the gym, he has participated in an induction and health screening. Alistair is aware of the facilities policy that under sixteens are not allowed within the gym area therefore, Alistair has been a regular user with the facility. You would therefore expect Alistair to have a higher standard of competence. In addition, Susan is fourteen years old, it is thought that age fourteen they would have some awareness. (Heaney and Goody (2012) Susan went on to use a piece of gym equipment inappropriately, which highlights the cause of her injury. You could argue that the instructor supervising the gym at the time breached the duty of care for inadequate supervision. (Heaney and Goody (2012) However, the gym instructor would assume that all members in the gym at the time would have met the gym requirements and completed the induction and health screening. In addition, the instructors response to the accident was immediate and appropriate, as a result would indicate that the facility takes its duty of care seriously. To conclude the majority of Susan and Alistairs own negligence may have contributed to her injuries. Therefore, it would be suggested that Alistair and his 14-year-old daughter Susan would not have a case for negligence against the facility. Word count 1989

History Of An Ethical Dilemma Social Work Essay

History Of An Ethical Dilemma Social Work Essay In this essay, based on a case study and ethical dilemma (see appendix); I will demonstrate the process of ethical decision making and justify a course of action. I will discuss the ethical issues from the dilemma; critically examine competing BACP ethical principles and guidelines, issues of difference, organisational issues and legal implications and evaluating the outcome. To conclude I will discuss the therapeutic relationship. To maintain confidentiality and client anonymity, all personal details have been amended within this academic essay and case study. Impacts upon the problem and issues to consider An impact upon the problem is, if I breach confidentiality, I will be damaging the trusting relationship formed with Raj, leaving her feeling isolated, further vulnerable and let down. This could affect not only her trust in future relationships and prevent her from seeking help in the future but also her therapeutic progress. If I breached confidentiality it could lead to my client experiencing further threats from her husband. Raj is fearful of going to the police when this happens as in the past he manipulated the police into believing she was abusing her husband which led to him having custody of their son. Furthermore, it could cause the father to be angry with Aaron and could lead to him experiencing further abuse. However, as a member of the BACP I have a duty of care towards my client and a statutory and common law duty to safeguard vulnerable children as recognised by the Childrens Act (2004) (Jenkins, 2004). Further impacting the situation is the organisations policies regarding confidentiality and child protection, which require me to breach confidentiality and report such concerns to my line manager and make a safeguarding alert to social services. Additionally, when contracting in our initial counselling session, I explained that in circumstances of child protection and where my client or others are at risk of harm, confidentiality would be breached, which Raj agreed too, thus she was aware of this when she disclosed child abuse to me. Furthermore, if I was to breach confidentiality without Rajs consent, she would not want to continue our counselling sessions due to trust being broken. It could also seem disrespectful of Rajs choices and concerns and that I do not understand her frame of reference. Further issues to consider include the clients culture, my own morals and standpoint, what action needs to be taken to ensure a good quality of practice, the ethical, legal and professional implications for any decision made as well as considering will breaching confidentiality be for the greater good and whose interests will be met. While also considering Rajs interests and rights to be free of harm, autonomous living, justice and good quality of therapy, I must also consider the consequences for myself and my own self-respect and needs (BACP, 2010). Whose dilemma is it? It is Rajs dilemma as she is fearful of her ex-husband finding out that Aaron told her about the incident, fearing this will lead to Aaron being further abused. The decision affects Raj as I have been trusted with personal, confidential information, therefore Raj will feel neglected and betrayed if confidentiality is breached, leaving her isolated (Welfel, 2006, pp 67). Her vulnerability will further due to feelings of abandonment as presently I am her only support besides the collectivist family unit. It is also my problem as I am being asked to keep confidence despite feeling wary and uncomfortable in doing so. While I have no legal obligation to report child abuse, I have an ethical obligation to report the disclosure as I have a duty of care towards protecting a child at risk and a vulnerable adult as well as acting in the best interests of the client. Furthermore it would be morally wrong of me to not report the incident and especially if something else happens causing further harm to Aaron and/or Raj, which seems likely as the ex-husband has a history of abuse and aggressive behaviour. I will need to act quickly in order to prevent possible further harm to Aaron. Raj has specifically asked for confidentiality to be maintained, so if I breached confidentiality, this will be untrustworthy and going against my clients wishes. However, confidentiality can be breached in cases of child protection and if someone is at risk of harm; in this case Aaron. Due to Rajs vulnerability and fear resulting from domestic violence, her thought process may be irrational and anxiety provoked. As a counsellor I need to act in the best interests of my client and to protect her from harm. By breaching confidence, I do not want to create further problems for my client or do anything that will cause harm to her or her son. I have an obligation to Raj, BACP and the organisation to put my own feelings aside in order to follow the best interests of my client and what causes the least harm to her whilst also having an ethical obligation to protect Aaron against harm. In my job description, it is not stated that I will solely liable for damages; therefore, it is the organisations problem because as my employer they could face legal implications if confidentiality is breached, i.e. if Raj sued the organisation. BACP (2010) state respecting client confidentiality is a fundamental requirement for keeping trust. I am a member of the BACP so I would be going against their guidelines by breaching confidence without consent. Ethical Principles and Values, Organisation Policies and Legal Issues By law, I am required to maintain confidentiality so long as the client or anyone else is not at risk of harm and when confidentiality is assumed or requested, , I would be lying to Raj and betraying her trust and their relationship is this information was disclosed to a third party (Welfel, 2006). However, while in cases of child protection informed consent is not required due to having a statutory duty to report, I can be honest and open with Raj about what I plan on doing to ensure congruence and maintain the therapeutic relationship. There are many possible conflicts between ethical principles and the law. The law states confidentiality must be abided so long as no one is at harm, however the BACP ethical principles of justice and self-respect ensure that not only does the professional consider the clients best interest, without causing harm to themselves. However, by adhering to confidentiality about something I am morally against I would not be appropriately applying the ethical principles as entitlements for myself. While I have a main responsibility to keep Raj from harm, I also must consider the Aarons right for safety. While Raj has a human right to choice, I have an ethical and professional obligation to ensure I provide Raj with necessary information to ensure the decision made is the best possible decision for Raj and Aaron and would cause the least harm. By attending clinical supervision and line management supervision I will be able to receive guidance on dealing with dilemma, gain a differing perspective on the situation. Reflection will also help me understand the situation more clearly. Fidelity I have established an effective therapeutic relationship based on trust, congruence, safety, UPR and warmth with Raj. It would be untrustworthy of me to breach confidentiality as Raj trusts me. However as I am required by the BACP and organisation to report child protection, I will need to be honest with Raj and explain that I will need to report the incident however it would be better if she gave her consent and explaining why this matter needs to be reported. Autonomy Throughout the counselling process, I have valued Rajs autonomy through choice and offering power to make decisions within therapy. I must respect her decision by keeping her material confidential and her right to be self-governing and make choices independently without hindrance (Gillon, 1985). However by helping Raj consider the situation and consequences thoroughly, through all perspectives, she will be able to make an informed decision. By gaining informed consent I will be abiding by BACP guidelines as well as respecting my clients right to choice and accurate information and being client-centred. By explaining my ethical obligations in the contracting process and reiterating this and my requirements in safeguarding children when Raj made the disclosure, I am informing her of foreseeable conflicts as soon as possible. Beneficence Raj is vulnerable, confused, scared and distressed, therefore is it not sure if she is able to recognise her best interest. She may not be acting rationally due to her fear of her ex-husband and worry over her son. By explaining why it would be in her best interests and Aarons best interests to disclose child abuse, I am showing a commitment to promoting her well-being as well as being concrete and honest. Non-maleficence The action that would cause the least amount of harm to Raj is to make the safeguarding alert without disclosing where I gained the information. While this will limit the action social services can take against her husband and to protect her son, it will ensure that her husband will not find out that she or Aaron disclosed the abuse. If I was to not make the safeguarding alert, Raj would remain distressed and fearing for her sons safety which would cause her further emotional harm. Justice Raj has human rights to freedom and choice over her decision and the support she receives and the right to respect for private and family life, however she and Aaron have a right to prohibition of torture. The fairest decision for both Raj and Aaron is to make the safeguarding alert with informed consent. By honouring her right to information I am being fair by assisting her to make an informed decision. I am also being fair to myself in abiding by BACP ethics, the law and organisational policies. Self-Respect I am being asked to go against my own beliefs and morals as well statutory law and BACP ethical guidelines, thus conflicting with my right to beneficence, autonomy, non-maleficence, justice and my human rights. BACP state informed consent should be sought before breaching confidentiality, however the organisations policies state that clients do not need to be informed when breaching confidentiality for child protection matters, which would be dishonest of me and affect the therapeutic relationship. This causes conflicts within what is being asked of me, professionally, ethically, legally and morally what I feel is right. To work through these conflicts I attended clinical supervision and discussed the dilemma with my line manager. Possible Courses of Action As a member of the BACP I am required to maintain confidence at Rajs request. By providing a rationale as to why confidentiality needs to be breached, I could work within the boundaries of my job and BACP ethical guidelines by helping Raj to understand that this disclosure would assist in ensuring Aarons safety in the future as procedures would be put into place to prevent further harm to Aaron and a safety plan can be formed to ensure Raj is safe from harm from her ex-husband. I could explain to her that when I make the disclosure to social services, I dont have to disclose her personal details and she can remain anonymous thus her ex-husband will not know that she has reported the incident. I can also explain to social services that Aaron is at risk of further harm so procedures will be put into place to protect him should the incident be investigated. This will hopefully put Raj at ease. Raj would need to give written informed consent for me to share her information with a third p arty (Welfel, 2006), providing she is fully informed of all the facts to make that choice (Gerch and Dhomhnaill (2005). This would ensure I am abiding by the Data Protection Act (1998). By giving a rationale, offering a different perspective and accurate and necessary information, Raj will be able to make an informed decision. Raj is more likely to give me informed consent to make the disclosure if I show her that she can trust me to consider her best interests and ensure her safety as far as possible. I will allow Raj time to make up her mind, and ask questions to ensure she does not feel pressured (McLeod, 2010). The other option is to breach confidentiality without Rajs consent as a child is at risk of harm. This would mean the disclosure could be made sooner as I would not need to speak to Raj thus action to ensure Aarons safety could be taken sooner. However, in doing so I will damage the therapeutic relationship, breaking her trust and causing more psychological harm as she I would then be another person in her life whom she trusted but let her down, which will then make her more vulnerable and cause trust issues within future relationships. Furthermore, Raj could take legal action against me or the organisation (Jenkins, 2007). By choosing this course of action I will be going against BACP ethical guidelines, the organisations ethos and my own values and morals as an integrative practitioner as well as safeguarding legislations. To ensure Rajs safety I still could keep Rajs personal details confidential when making the safeguarding alert. Course of Action Having referred to the Childrens Act (1989, 2004) and its supporting guidance for safeguarding children (HM Government, 2006, 2010). I will explain to Raj that due to ethical guidelines, the organisations policies regarding child protection and statutory and common law as well as my moral duty of care towards Aaron, I need to breach confidentiality as stated in the counselling contract. I will explain to her that this safeguarding alert will assist in ensuring her sons safety in the future as there will be a record made and that social services will do whatever they can to prevent further harm to Aaron. I will explain to Raj that when I raise this alert to social services, if she prefers, I will not disclose her personal details, I will maintain her anonymity in accordance to the data protection act (1998) (Jenkins, 2007) and I will not disclose where I got this information from thus her husband will not know that she has reported the incident. However I will also explain to Raj that should she give me permission to disclose where I got this information from it will be further help as the more evidence I can provide, the better chance there is of social services acting upon the disclosure. I will explain that this is completely her choice and I will respect whatever decision she make, but I am professionally, ethically and legally required to breach confidentiality, thus enabling her to make an informed choice. Thus Raj would feel more confident and knowledgeable about her decision and she will have a choice in her decision (BMAED, 2004, pp. 74), thus respecting her autonomy and Human Rights (Bond, 2010). I will also explain that due to my respect for Raj I would like her permission to make this disclosure and to agree upon what information will be shared as well as abiding by BACP guidelines and the law. By explaining to Raj why this action must be taken, how I will ensure her and Aarons safety is maintained as much as possible and explaining each step I will take and the information to be shared, I am showing Raj that I value her and her opinion, I have her best interests at heart and that protecting Aaron and maintaining her safety is key within the work that I am doing. Ultimately I am exemplifying she can trust me and providing her with a safe environment, free from punishment. By also offering alternative perspectives such as explaining the possible consequences of not making the safeguarding alert would also allow Raj to make an informed choice (BACP, 2010). It is important that I am honest with Raj and that I give her the necessary information as this would exemplify fidelity, client autonomy, respect, and equality. I will reassure Raj that I will support her, listen to her and that as an Asian counsellor I can understand her concerns regarding family honour and confidentiality thus I will maintain her anonymity it she feels that it what she wants to do. By choosing this course of action I show that I have considered universality, publicity and justice (Bond, 2010, Gabriel and Casemore, 2010) and the ethical, legal and professional implications, whereby I am abiding by the BACP ethical framework, the organisations policies on child protection and statutory law regarding data protection, confidentiality, and child protection and safeguarding vulnerable adults. Furthermore, I have considered the consequences of this action within supervision, considering the effect on the therapeutic relationship, my own rights and legal implications if informed consent is not sought. Evaluation of the outcome The outcome was that after the fourth session, with informed consent I made a safeguarding alert whilst also maintaining Rajs anonymity, which led to social services checking on Aaron and a record being made. Raj attended a further where she reflected upon her therapeutic progress, her self-esteem and shared her decision to apply for sole custody of Aaron. I would take this action again for other clients and feel I made the right decision as I was honest, gave the necessary information, respected Rajs autonomy, beneficence, maleficence and ensured that the decision was fair for everyone involved, prevented further harm to Raj, Aaron and abided by ethical and legal guidelines (Bond, 2010, Gabriel and Casemore, 2010). Furthermore, I considered the clients culture and presenting issues which were relevant to ensuring her safety. Over all, I promoted the clients well-being and protected her from harm. Therapeutic Relationship When clients are able to see us as genuinely concerned for them, that we are not putting on a professional faà §ade, they will feel safe with us because we are reliable (Merry, 2002). By being honest about what I was intending to do and explaining I was congruent yet mindful of the clients frame of reference and experience I highlighted I was sincere in offering help. Beyond the physical scars, domestic violence has profound effects on a womens self-worth. Lewis (2003) stated an abused woman needs to regain power and control over her life by making independent choices and decisions. Carl Rogers (1951) highlighted that we all have the capacity to be fully functioning if our power is given recognition. Through a client centred approach based on respect, acceptance and choice, I helped Raj to recognise her worth and power within the therapeutic relationship and thus empowering her. Rogers core conditions (1951) encourage women to develop power from inside them in order to attain improved self-awareness and to take control. Thus by allowing Raj to take control over what was happening in therapy, I was helping her become autonomous, and take control over the choices she wanted in life, whilst also protecting her from harm and understanding her cultural needs through empathy and UPR. The increase in self-esteem would enable further self-awareness, which would later help achieve successful therapy outcomes from changes in personality and behaviour (Rogers, 1951). These points highlight that I had provided a good quality of care and maintained a good therapeutic relationship (BACP, 2010). It must be considered, it is due to the effective relationship that Raj felt comfortable to make the disclosure and through offering her power and autonomy and being honest, she felt comfortable with giving her consent as I was able to exemplify that her and Aarons safety was paramount.

Democracy Essay -- Politics Voters Voting Essays

Democracy In the 2000 presidential election, less than 59% of our population saw fit to even vote. 80.5% of those voting were white, that's roughly 60% of the white population. Of the meager 19.5% of the vote the non-white population represented, less than 51% of non-whites able to vote actually did (Census). What does this mean? How can democracy – a republic like ours – correctly function without a more complete representation of opinion from its people? Former UCLA Law professor Julian Eule argued in his essay â€Å"Judicial Review of Direct Democracy† that the framers of our constitution set up the republic to in effect protect us from ourselves, to protect us from this sort of majority rule.(Eule) I believe that this misrepresentation is responsible for racist legislation and legislators. A recent NAACP resolution stated "The American people deserve political leaders who make clear, concise and well-reasoned decisions based on fact and clearly informed by all people involved, not leaders that perpetuate erroneous assumptions and ill-informed deductions based on racial and ethnic stereotypes," in reference to North Carolina Representative Howard Coble's remarks supporting former president Roosevelt's internment of the Japanese during World War II. (NAACP) The japanese internment has long been a dark blot on American history, but this legislator, this elected legislator seems to not represent a majority opinion of the people he represents. As well, NAACP president Kweisi Mfume remarked "President Bush continues to nominate right-wing extremists to the federal bench," in reference to the proposed confirmation of Jeffrey S. Sutton as a 6th Circuit Appeals Court judge, a position that demands a truly neutral position. Jeffrey S. ... ... the Total Voting-Age Population, by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, for States: November 2000 US Census Bureau 27 Feb. 2002 <http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/voting/p20-542/tab04a.txt> Julian N. Eule, â€Å"Judicial Review of Direct Democracy, â€Å" 99 Yale Law Journal 1503 1990. Anti-Affirmative Action Proposition Passes In California CNN AllPolitics 6 Nov. 1996 <http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/news/9611/06/ballots. california.209/index.shtml> University of California Engineering Enrollment Rates (Undergraduate) Career Recruitment Media, Inc. 2003 <http://www.graduatingengineer.com/articles/minority/05- 01-01-t1.html> ACLU Says Expected White House Brief Opposing Minority Equality in College Admissions Shows Lack of Commitment to Racial Justice ACLU 15 Jan. 2003 <http://www.aclu.org/RacialEquality/RacialEquality.cfm?ID= 11620&c=134>

Plath’s Daddy Essays: Loss and Trauma -- Daddy Essays

Loss and Trauma in Plath’s Daddy  Ã‚      In addition to the anger and violence, 'Daddy' is also pervaded by a strong sense of loss and trauma. The repeated 'You do not do' of the first sentence suggests a speaker that is still battling a truth she only recently has been forced to accept. After all, this is the same persona who in an earlier poem spends her hours attempting to reconstruct the broken pieces of her 'colossus' father. After 30 years of labor she admits to being 'none the wiser' and 'married to shadow', but she remains faithful to her calling. With 'Daddy' not only is the futility of her former efforts acknowledged, but the conditions that forced them upon her are manically denounced. At the same time, and this seems to fire her fury, she admits to her own willing self-deception. The father whom she previously related to the 'Oresteia' and the 'Roman Forum' is now revealed as a panzer man with a Meinkampf look. But she doesn't simply stop at her own complicity. 'Every woman,' she announces 'loves a Fascist/The b oot in the face, the brute/Brute heart of ...

Effects on plastic surgery

Purpose: The audience will know about the effects of the plastic surgery. Thesis: Effects on plastic surgery. Introduction A. Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the â€Å"correction† or restoration of form and function. B. There are many types of plastic surgery such as cosmetic surgery, reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. C. However, plastic surgery can have positive and negative effects. Transition: Let me start explaining about the positive effects on plastic surgery. Body 1. Re-contouring A.This is the process of plastic surgery that includes procedures such a liposuction, which involves the removal of fat from the body. B. Not only does this make you look more attractive, but controlled liposuction can remove safe amounts of fat from your body to aid in overall health. Transition: Another positive effect of plastic surgery is†¦ 2. Confidence A. This is a big benefit that comes along with plastic surgery. B. Confidence makes people psychologically fit and happy, and generally improves their style of life. Transition: Now let me turn to the third effects which are†¦ . Wounds & Accidents A. Many people go to a plastic surgeon because they have been in some kind of accident. B. In order to reduce major scarring, plastic surgery is required Transition: Lastly, the positive effects on plastic surgery are†¦ 4. Age-Deflance A. The affects of aging can be prolonged or reversed with plastic surgery. B. Wrinkles can be removed as well as age spots and sagging skin. C. When kept toa minimum, plastic surgery can take years off your apparent age. Transition: Now, let me proceed to the negative effects on plastic surgery. 1.Cost A. When people decide to undergo cosmetic surgery, they often consult a rofessional who gives them an estimate as to the cost. B. This estimate isn't a binding contract, but a guess as to how much the procedure will cost. C. The actual cost can rise dramatically over this estimate, leading patients to suffer pressure to pay the entire amount even if they cannot afford it. D. When the cost is spread out over a payment plan, it can cause more stress. Transition: Now, let's turn to a second negative effects on plastic surgery†¦ 2. Emotional Effects A.The emotional effects on patients' well-being are one of the negative effects of osmetic surgery. B. While they go under the knife to fix a problem they see on the outside, this sometimes only serves as a bandage on the larger problem. C. After the surgery they continue to sutter trom a body image distortion . D. A small number ot patients continue to go back to the surgeon to fix other problems they see instead of trying to find a real solution to the problem. Conclusion Before I end my speech, I would like to review that†¦ Plastic surgery can have either negative or positive effects. We should know how to evaluate it wisely.

Behaviour Assessment in HRM Why Is Behaviour Assessment A Perennially Troubled Aspect of Human Resource Management?

A better understanding of the topic stinkpot be achieved by incorporating into the analysis the humor that doings judicial decision is also identical to consummation appraisal and this means that two fantasys deal with the judgement of employee doing in terms of what is expected of them and also on its effect on the over entirely matched advantage of the firm in social intercourse to its position in the industry.On the issue that behaviour judgement as a subjectl order policy is giving problems for both the organization in general and gracious election focal point (HRM) in contingent backward end be explained base on the future(a) propositions1. Behavior sound judgment and different trans make bankion appraisal in identical mannerls/ administrations ar non clearly understood both for its truthful intend, goals, and purpose. 2. deportment legal opinion and different carrying into action appraisal tools/ brasss do non hold in a bun in the ove n on its promises to improve over wholly expertness and profitability both for the organization and the person employee. 3. doings opinion and other death penalty appraisal tools/systems need to be faithful all the time there is corking pressure on heed precise little margin of misplay for a system generated by subjective gentlemans gentlemankind observations/judgements.4. Behaviour judgement and other implementation appraisal tools/systems ar roughtimes regarded as the silver bullet that volition crystalise all problems related to human visions. 5. And finally, these legal opinion tools are troubling the organization just beca single-valued function it emanates from a de sortment (HRM) that has weak foundations. It is an understatement to ordain that behaviour assessment tools are very rugged to understand and are all too complex to be apply effectively.This stems from the incident that even HR specialists do non agree on what constitutes a correct per formance appraisal system. disorderliness abounds in the HRM world on how to order systems. Each company has their birth variant on how to observe and verify employee performance. Worse, distributively company devises their methodology based on their needs and uses appraisal systems for varying reasons. The use of HRM behaviour assessments has its advocates and its critics.This polarization adds to the problem as members of the organization would be in a tug-of-war on how to proceed if ever they pass on decide to use much(prenominal) tools. Advocates of Behaviour Assessment Systems Amy Delpo in The Performance approximation Handbook harps on the benefits behaviour assessment tools and she verbalise, If youve been told to conduct performance military ranks its be pee the state who run your company documentaryize that a performance rating system brush aside deport important benefits and improve the success of each employee, each division, and ultimately, your entire company (2005).She so lists the expected show upcomes as follows trigger employees to perform better and produce more(prenominal) than help employee mention the ways in which they give notice develop and grow enlarge employee morale improve respect employees take for for their managers and senior concern foster reliable communication in the midst of your staff and you identify poor performers and help them get on track and lay the groundwork to incinerate poor performers lawfully and neatly when they applyt improve.One of the reasons for the implementation of performance appraisal system is the need for building a strong organizational culture and some(prenominal) managers get hold that the utter appraisal system will guarantee correct information on what and where adjustments must be do to help the company move nearer into that place where every employee is aware and incessantly striving to maintain that organizational culture. On this great need, Math is and Jackson explains the motivation to enthrone in place such a system and he verbalise all organization has a culture, and that culture influences how executives, managers, and employees act in making organizational decisions the fiscal s sufferdals in some firms in new year illustrate the consequences of an anything goes organizational culture. (1989) What kindled the revolution for the use of behavioural assessment tools according Armstrong came from the landmark works of McClelland in 1973 and Boyatzis in 1982.McClelland conjure uped that Criterion referencing or administration is the demonstrate of anlysing the key verbal expressions of behaviour that differentiates between effective and less effective performance (cited in Armstrong, 2003). This was later developed by Boyatzis when he said that competency is, A capacity that exists in person that leads to behaviour that meets the job demands within the parameters of the organizational environs and that , in turn, brings about desired results (as cited in Armstrong, 2003 ). No self-respecting manager privy resist the promise of behaviour assessment systems.Advocates of performance appraisal tools based their exculpation on a theory of swap Force Field Analysis that was put forward by Kurt Lewin. Lewins idea as summarized by Sinclair-Hunt and Simms, is described under The idea is that a situation corset the same sole(prenominal) when the forces for flip-flop are equivalent to the forces resisting it. The organization is thusly in equilibrium. Change happens when the forces for change outweigh the forces for bar. Conversely, where the forces for restraint outweigh the forces for change, things remain the same.If handled carefully, the driving forces outhouse overcome resistance. (2005) Those who believe in this preliminary could not be blamed. A movement study of British airways forceful changes do on the organization resulted in ward off bankruptcy and amazing reaping. Sincl air-Hunt and Simms reveal a portion of the revolution that occurred in the said UK company, Between 1982 and 1987 British Airways went from a publicly owned company with bureaucratic subordination culture and huge losses and diminish commercialise share to a privately owned company with a market and service driven culture and profit of over $400 million. (2005) The authors (Sinclair-Hunt & Simms) and then listed the cause of the change was attributed to the following Massive simplification in the workforce from 59,000 to 37,000 people schooling programmes to develop appreciation of the business as a service industry proceeds sharing, a bottom-up budgeting system, a substance abuser friendly computer system and the chief operating officer engaging in question and solvent sessions all served to emphasise the new participative steering style Many organizations are banking on the above-mentioned statements about change.They are mobilizing their HR departments to apply eno ugh pressure for corroborative change to occur. Critics of Behaviour Assessment Systems Critics on the use of ill-conceived behaviour assessments asserts that theses procedures personify generally held assumptions and fallacies that if there is an input then there will be an end product and if enough pressure is done then change will occur. This idea was debunked by Sinclair-Hunt and Simms using the work of Kanter and associates and they saidKanter et al. (1992) suggest that Lewins model of change is too simplistic. They argue that Lewins model is based on the spate that organizations are basically stable and static. They disagree with the idea that change results only from concentrated effort and that it happens in one direction at a time. Kanter et al. (1992) argue that change is multi-directional and ubiquitous in other words, it happens in all directions at once and at a more or less continuous military operation.This complexness can help to explain wherefore Lewins mod el may not seem to break much affinity with real lie, where change seems a more confused process. (2005) Herein lays the problem with those relying so much on assessment to promote change when they fail to include in their system the idea that every expectation of the organization must be considered and all the forces at work in the initiative as well.On the aversion for the idea that militant action will bear immediate confirming results, Campbell (1989) said, We need reminding that trainees do not just fall out of some great trainee bin in the slash they in all likelihood have rather enormous and varied organizational histories, which have created real attitudes, values and behaviors relative to specific schooling experiences (as cited in Baldwin & Magjuka, 1997). Baldwin and Magjuka supports the idea of deliberate readying and implementation of organization change and not a one shot make water all scheme as is unmistakable in intimately HR list of suggested solu tions and they saidAn assumption common to most(prenominal) educational activity guidebooks is that the learning context can be managed or designed in a way that will prompt trainee cognitions and, ultimately, training effectiveness. However this assumption tends to exaggerate the complexity of managing contextual factors in organization. We posit that the complexity stems in large part from the difficulty of predicting how employees will attach meaning to management acts, and the reality that, for organization employees, training is not an isolated event or singular activity, but an episode that occurs among many other organizational episodes experienced by those employees.(1997) jobs Encountered in the Real World Clampitt in his book Communication for Managerial forcefulness shows that behaviour assessment is very difficult to execute properly in the real world. This is because the frailty of human being in terms of their personal agenda and other self-serving engagement h inders them from giving an heading assessment. Using the words of Sissela Bok, Clampitt showed what the ideal scenario should be and how far is reality from itAt its best, free will is the intuitive ability to discern what is and is not intrusive and injurious, and to use this discernment in responding to the conflicts everyone experiences as insider and outsider. It is an acquired capacity to navigate in and between the worlds of personal and shard experiences, get by with the moral questions about what is fair or unfair, truthful or deceptive, helpful or harmful, Inconceivable without an awareness of the boundaries surrounding people, daintiness requires a sense for when to hold back I order not to bruise, and for when to surpass out.(as cited in Clampitt, 2005) For his final analysis (Clampitt) on his reservation for performance appraisal systems and the like is partly seen in the following statements such(prenominal) ink has been spilled over the issue of performance appra isals, Business journals, periodicals, and books are filled with backchat on how to more effectively conduct the performance review. And with steady-going reasons there is probably no greater area of employee dissatisfaction. In fact, although most organization maintains a dinner gown performance process, few achieve their prey Other complaints abound.Unfair rating scales, inadequacy of objectivity, and lack of specific examples to back up the valuation(2005) Using Baldwin and Magjukas insights on the slack learning process experienced by an employee. It is now clear why employees would view such behavioural assessment systems as unfair. Management can be plan an assessment procedure that will tactile sensation for behavioural changes that are not present. non because the employee is lazy or has no conciliate to change but as pointed out by Baldwin and Magjuka, it is not there until now because the natural process of learning has not nonetheless taken its course.Clampi tt adds the following reasons for the infectivity of this HR system 1) managers resist the appraisal process because it is used to accomplish multiple goals that are sometimes incompatible 2) many mangers feel compelled to inflate ratings in favor of their department and 3) many managers resist the appraisal process because they feel that they are playing beau ideal (2005). Goals of Behaviour Assessment The following is the banter of the generally accepted goals of behaviour assessment and will be used as a basis for understanding the hardship of said assessment tools in achieving the following objectives.The first common reason for incorporating such practice of evaluating employees stems from the great need to shape how equal a doer/employee is in his/her given position. Background information can be gleaned from the works of Woodruffe (1990), Competency is a person-based concept which refers to the dimensions of behavior lying buttocks competent performance. Woodruffe (19 90) added that competence is A work-related concept which refers to areas of work at which the person is competent (as cited in Armstrong, 2003).The Need for Accuracy This typography propose that one of the reasons that behaviour assessment is a very much dissipated aspect of HRM practice is due to the fact that there is no room for error on its findings and recommendations. Consider the following authenticated events on UKs experience with a failed assessment for correct move over cost as described in Armstrong and browneds book Paying for Contibution primeval minister Gordon Brown (regarding the most publicized UK pay developments in a single month May 1998- ), saw the UK private welkin earnings growth of 5.6 percent as giving serious cause of concern, impending the warringness of the UK economy and the maintenance of determine stability in June the Bank of England cited engross increases outstripping productivity growth as the prime justification for an increase in interest rates that rising wages could, crush the enormous prize of economic growth and stability. (1999) Amy Delpo on the need for accurate and fair appraisal issued the following warning, As you may have been told, conducting a shoddy performance appraisal can get your company and you into legal trouble. in that respect is no point in sugarcoating it for you Writing the wrong things on a performance appraisal or doing the appraisal un evenhandedly or improperly can have devastating consequences if you are sued by an employee (2005) Promises Are Made to be humble There is an chance amongst employees that if they did a fairly good job then management will notice. This is reinforced by the fact that a regular performance military rating is being conducted by the people from HRM.This leads to the expectation that salary will be adjusted based on competency and the workers striving not only to achieve a higher aim of performance but also on a higher degree of conform to what i s believed to be as admirable behaviour befitting a model employee. It will be such a disappointment for said employee to discover, or when he realizes by and by a few years of no wage increase, that the job performance evaluation was worth nothing. Armstrong and Brown explain why promises of performance related pay is most often a figment of imagination, and the authors saidThe motor industry presents a good example of the competitive pressure which have forced similar changes in pay and working practices across many sectors. The terror in a ruthlessly competitive European market from Far eastern manufacturers, and the opportunities for an increasingly concentrated set of globally organized companies to shift production to overturn cost locations (VW in Eastern Europe), or closer to new markets (Mercedes and BMW in the join States), means that the European firms simply cannot turn over to have uncompetitive wage cost which are out of line with the productivity and performanc e of alternative location. (1999)If this is the case then HR specialist must hold deluding employees that the job performance will reach their pay grade. The truth is HRM needs the evaluation to enforce change and to make effect related decisions but could not deliver on its promise to the employees for economic reasons this has disheartened not a few employees. The Problem with HRM After all these things are said and done, the most unbelievable reason peradventure as to why behaviour assessment is such a troubling aspect of management in general and HRM in particular lies in the fact that the department tasked to design such evaluation systems is in trouble itself.Consider the following insights from David E. Guest, UKs own expert on the study of human resource management, and he said There has been a rash of studies demonstrating a positive association between human resource management (HRM) and performance, providing encouragement to those who have ever advocated the case f or a distinctive uprise to the management of human resources. While these studies represent encouraging signs of progress, statistical sophistication appears to have been emphasized at the expense of hypothetical rigour. (1999) In Australia the problem of HRM is a concern.Graham Andrewartha likes to believe that human resource management is a management specialty that has not yet achieved professional status. Further, because of its monopoly over the people management area, it has diverted other managers from taking duty for people issues and unintentionally contributed to the continuing line in people skills in Australian organization HRM has always been reshaping itself, continuously changing and innovating, et not really changing at all. It requires foundation not innovation to be effective. (1998) ConclusionThe reason why behaviour assessment has met a lot of controversy in organizations around the world and most especially in Australia is due to confusion on what a corr ect and beneficial employee-performance-evaluation-system should understand like. This is exacerbated by the lack of positive results on the basis of the use of such system for corporate and personnel gain. The answer to the examination can be found in all these and more importantly on HRM need to change first in advance it can expect change from the flowerpot it wishes to serve. References Andrewartha, Graham. (1998). The Future Role of compassionate election Management. In G. L. ONeil & R.Kramar (Eds. ) Australian Human imagery Management Current Trends in Management Practice. Australia Woodslane Pty Limited. Armstrong, Michael. (2003). Human Resource Management Practice. capital of the United Kingdom Kogan Page Ltd. Armstrong, M. & Brown, D. (1999). Paying for Contribution. London Kogan Page Ltd. Baldwin, T. T. & Magjuka, R. (1997). Organizational Context and cultivation Effectiveness. In J. K. Ford et al. (Eds. ). overbold tee shirt Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Ber ger, L. A. & Berger, D. R. (2000). The Compensation Handbook A progressive guide to Compensation Strategy and Design. New York McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Clampitt, Phillip.(2005). Communication for Managerial Effectiveness tertiary ed. London Sage Publications Ltd. DelPo, Amy. (2005). The Performance idea Handbook Legal and Practical Rules for Managers. initiative ed. CA Consolidated Printers, Inc. Guest, D. E. () Human Resource Management and Performance A check and Research Agenda. In R. S. Schuler & S. E. Jackson (Eds. ) strategic Human Resource Management. Oxford Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Mathis, R. L. & Jackson, J. H. (1989). Human Resource Management. 11th ed. NE South-Western. Sinclair-Hunt, M. & Simms, H. (2005). Organizational Behaviour and Change Management. UK Select Knowledge Limited.